The berries are emetic, possibly due to the compound, ilicin, though caffeine and theobromine found in the plant are toxic generally to dogs and cats. Elliptic, leathery, glossy, wavy-margined, evergreen, dark green leaves (1-3” long) have large spiny teeth. It is effective as a specimen plant, grouped as a tall hedge or foundation planting. Female plants need a male pollinator in the area in order to bear fruit. It is an evergreen tree or shrub found, for example, in shady areas of forests of oak and in beech hedges. [13] Hollies are often used for hedges; the spiny leaves make them difficult to penetrate, and they take well to pruning and shaping. Best in locations protected from cold winter winds. It requires moist, shady environments, found within forests or in shady slopes, cliffs, and mountain gorges. van Tol' (f) AGM / RHS Gardening", "RHS Plant Selector Ilex aquifolium 'Madame Briot' (f/v) AGM / RHS Gardening", "RHS Plant Selector Ilex aquifolium 'Pyramidalis' (f) AGM / RHS Gardening", "RHS Plant Selector Ilex aquifolium 'Silver Queen' (m/v) AGM / RHS Gardening", "RHS Plant Selector Ilex × altaclerensis 'Belgica Aurea' (f/v) AGM / RHS Gardening", "RHS Plant Selector Ilex × altaclerensis 'Camelliifolia' (f) AGM / RHS Gardening", "RHS Plant Selector Ilex × altaclerensis 'Golden King' (f/v) AGM / RHS Gardening", "RHS Plant Selector Ilex × altaclerensis 'Lawsoniana' (f/v) AGM / RHS Gardening", European Forest Genetic Resources Programme, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ilex_aquifolium&oldid=982588572, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2017, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2018, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 9 October 2020, at 02:24.

Cooperative Extension, which staffs local offices in all 100 counties and with the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians. After the first frost of the season, holly fruits become soft and fall to the ground serving as important food for winter birds at a time of scarce resources.

English holly is an ornamental tree or tall hedge in the Aquifoliaceae family. It is also a popular ornamental shrub or hedge, with numerous cultivars in a range of colours. Plants of this species are dioecious (separate male and female plants).

Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment on the basis of race, color, national origin, age, sex (including pregnancy), disability, religion, sexual orientation, gender identity, and veteran status. Full sun (6 or more hours of direct sunlight a day), Partial Shade (Direct sunlight only part of the day, 2-6 hours), Red, yellow, or orange berries (drupes) 1/4 inch diameter that ripen in fall, persist into winter and are attractive to birds. I. aquifolium, with the leaf blades highly lustrous, especially adaxially, and flowers and fruits usually clustered, produced from the axils on branches of the previous season). Prune in winter if needed.

Holly was a typical representative species of this biome, where many current species of the genus Ilex were present.
Ilex aquifolium, the holly, common holly, English holly, European holly, or occasionally Christmas holly, is a species of flowering plant in the family Aquifoliaceae, native to western and southern Europe, northwest Africa, and southwest Asia. Greenish-white flowers appear in May. Native Range: Europe, northern Africa, western Asia. Pure stands of hollies can grow into a labyrinth of vaults in which thrushes and deer take refuge, while smaller birds are protected among their spiny leaves. Between the thirteenth and eighteenth centuries, before the introduction of turnips, Ilex aquifolium was cultivated for use as winter fodder for cattle and sheep. Tall hedge. Foundation plantings. Cooperative Extension, which staffs local offices in all 100 counties and with the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians. They are eaten by rodents, birds and larger herbivores. It likes partial shade especially in hot summers and will not tolerate poor drainage. Ilex opaca: leaf blades dull or barely sublustrous, and flowers and fruits solitary or in solitary, peduncled cymes on the branchlets of the current season (vs.

Where is this species invasive in the US. Ilex aquifolium was once among the traditional woods for Great Highland bagpipes before tastes turned to imported dense tropical woods such as cocuswood, ebony, and African blackwood. In male specimens, the flowers are yellowish and appear in axillary groups. It is an invasive species on the West Coast of Canada and the United States as well as in Hawaii. During the Cenozoic Era, the Mediterranean region, Europe, and northwest Africa had a wetter climate and were largely covered by laurel forests. It also may be trained and grown as a large shrub (10-15’ tall). [clarification needed][citation needed] Most of the last remaining laurel forests around the Mediterranean are believed to have died out approximately 10,000 years ago at the end of the Pleistocene. Departamento de Farmacognosia, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Uruguay, Noviembre: 2007, pages 1–15, 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T202963A68067360.en, "Washington State Noxious Weed Control Board", https://www.portlandoregon.gov/auditor/34460?a=322280, "RHS Plant Selector Ilex aquifolium AGM / RHS Gardening", "RHS Plant Selector Ilex aquifolium 'Amber' (f) AGM / RHS Gardening", "RHS Plant Selector Ilex aquifolium 'Argentea Marginata' (f/v) AGM / RHS Gardening", "RHS Plant Selector Ilex aquifolium 'Ferox Argentea' (m/v) AGM / RHS Gardening", "RHS Plant Selector Ilex aquifolium 'Golden Queen' (m/v) AGM / RHS Gardening", "RHS Plant Selector Ilex aquifolium 'Handsworth New Silver' (f/v) AGM / RHS Gardening", "RHS Plant Selector Ilex aquifolium 'J.C. alternate, simple, glossy, dark green wavy leaves with spines. Less spiny varieties of holly were preferred, and in practice the leaves growing near the top of the tree have far fewer spines, making them more suitable for fodder. Cveta u maju i početkom Juna meseca. Its glossy green prickly leaves and bright red berries (produced only by the female plant) are represented in wreaths, garlands and cards wherever Christmas is celebrated.

Ilex aquifolium NC State University and N.C. A&T State University work in tandem, along with federal, state and local governments, to form a strategic partnership called N.C. セイヨウヒイラギ（西洋柊、学名：Ilex aquifolium）は欧州、北アフリカ、西南アジア原産で、モチノキ科モチノキ属の常緑小低木です。葉は不同で、古くなると葉縁が全縁となり、互生に付きます。雌雄異株で春に白い4弁花を咲かせます。 Part afternoon shade is best in hot summer climates.

The leaves are 5–12 cm long and 2–6 cm broad; they are evergreen, lasting about five years, and are dark green on the upper surface and lighter on the underside, oval, leathery, shiny, and about 5 to 9 cm long. Prune in the winter as needed to maintain shape. Grow in average, medium moisture, well-drained soils in full sun to part shade. For the Canadian musician, see, Chemistry, toxicity, tea and traditional uses, Dellacassa, Cesio et al. Holly is a rugged pioneer species that prefers relatively moist areas, and tolerates frost as well as summer drought. The following cultivars have gained the RHS AGM:-, Holly berries contain alkaloids, caffeine, and theobromine, saponins, caffeic acid, and a yellow pigment, ilixanthin. It grows much better in the climate of the Pacific Northwest where it has naturalized. Ilex aquifolium, the holly, common holly, English holly, European holly, or occasionally Christmas holly, is a species of flowering plant in the family Aquifoliaceae, native to western and southern Europe, northwest Africa, and southwest Asia.
[6][31][32] The berries are generally regarded as toxic to humans. The plant is common in the garrigue and maquis and is also found in deciduous forest and oak forest. [34], In traditional medicine, holly is supposed to be diuretic, a relief from fever, and a laxative.[35]. Effective as a specimen or in small groups.


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